Irritation in animals.

The animals also respond to stimuli internal and external environment and those responsible are hormones (endocrine system) and the Nervous System. The following are behaviors that allow it to adapt to the environment. These are the tactismos, reflexes and instincts.

2.1.-Tactismos:

Def. Biol. Movement approach or escape of a cell or organism in response to an external stimulus: the negative leads tactismo remoteness of the stimulus

They are a type of behavior conducted primarily by lower animals, especially invertebrates. They are innate, fixed and inevitable. This may entail moving closer or further away to the stimulus. Unlike the tropism, tactismos movements are fast, comprehensive and involving translation of the body.

Types of tactismos

The tactismos are named according to the type of stimulus. Are distinguished: fototactismo, gravitactismo, hidrotactismo and tigmotactismo.

As in tropism, responses or movements experienced by invertebrate animals may approach or departure to the stimulus. There is talk of tactismo positive when the movement of the animal is directed towards encouraging and tactismo negative if the movement tends to move away from the stimulus.

Fototactismo: is the response of animals to variations in the amount of light.

Going on a trip to the beach or the countryside, you'll see that when you turn a lamp moths are directed towards this source of artificial light. It represents a positive fototactismo.

You can also make the opposite case, as with the cheap, that when approaching the light they tend to escape. This example is a negative fototactismo.

GRAVITACTISMO

is the response to stimuli gravitational origin.

La Chinita is a type of beetle that to take it in your hand, always rises through it. This is a clear example of gravitactismo negative, as the chasolex moves in the opposite direction provided to the force of gravity.

TIGMOTACTISMO is responding to tactile stimuli.

Mechanisms of action of tactismos

Unlike the tropism, the cause of responses called tactismos is regulated and controlled by a simple but efficient nervous system.

The nervous system consists of three groups of neurons that are tantamount to a primitive brain, as it has nerves that connect with eyes, antennae and legs of the insect, allowing it to detect and respond to any stimulus, in a movement of rapprochement or estrangement the same.

HIDROTACTISMO is responding to stimuli whose origin is water or moisture. For example, the earthworm presents a positive hidrotactismo; always built their underground galleries in the direction of the wetlands. This behavior assures a good development of their eggs in these places.

hanks to this rudimentary nervous system that allows them to respond to environmental changes, insects have arrived to become the largest land animal, with more than 900,000 different species, able to live very different places on our planet.

2.2 .- Reflection mere

It is an innate response mechanism and involuntary against a given stimulus: for example, reflects rotuliano.



















2.3 .- instincts

They are innate reactions more complex and elaborate, in which several reflexes. The instinct is specific to individuals of the same species, for example, bees have a social organization because of their instinct. In humans there are the paternal and maternal instinct, breastfeed, to survive, and so on.

Instinct, in zoology and psychology, innate characteristic of a particular species of animal that creates complex patterns of behaviour, so that members of a species are able to respond appropriately to a wide variety of situations in nature. Usually, these behaviors pose models responses to a given stimulus, and often are characteristic patterns of feeding, mating, relationships and expression of aggressiveness. In every kind of behavior these models are developed and purifying influenced by the forces of natural selection in the process of evolution. The instinctive behaviors are very important for facilitating the adaptation of the animal to its ecological environment.

Some schools set a careful distinction between instinctive and learned behaviors. However, in recent years, researchers agree that such distinction is not very useful, and that learning and interacting instinct to drive in an appropriate manner the behavior of an animal.

The instinctive behaviors can be extremely complex even in simple animals. One example is the remarkable ability of bees to navigate and communicate. A worker bee can fly half a kilometre or more from the hive in search of flowers that constitute an adequate source of food. The Sun is often used as a benchmark for the direction, although the bee can be directed with precision, even with relative ease, when it is obscured by a cloud. When it finds a source of adequate food, has the ability to calculate the way back to the hive taking into account wind and the sun's apparent motion. Once you've returned to the hive, communicates the location of food through a "dance" that provides information about the distance and direction. The other bees use this information to contact them directly into the food. In this example, each role model and learned coded genes plays an important role. The instincts that allow animals to demonstrate highly adaptive behaviors and often very complex, without the need for such responses have to learn through trial and error.

The role played by instinct in human behavior is not yet clear. Some researchers believe that certain human behaviors such as aggression and territoriality can have components instinctive. Others think that the data we have not endorse that conclusion and that human behavior is different from other animals. There is a danger to extend to human conduct investigations conducted in animals, however, it is likely that many of the same forces that dictate the behaviour of other animals on the influence of man.

The term instinct may be applied to various interpretations developed by Sigmund Freud and other theorists of psychoanalysis. Freud theorized that there are instincts of life and death, and that sexual behavior is essentially instinctive. This specific application of the term instinct is not related to the way it used behavioral scientists.

2.4 .- conditioned reflex

It is a relationship between a stimulus and a reinforcement that involves learning and involvement of the cerebral cortex.

Conditioned reflex, not innate response to a stimulus given that the individual acquired through learning.

The Russian neurologist Ivan P. Pavlov developed the theory of conditioned reflex, noted that the salivation caused in dogs to smell the food was produced before a stimulus that had nothing to do with food, but which had been submitted to constantly lunchtime. The salivation before a piece of dog meat is a reflection innate or unconditioned, but if it does ring a bell at the time the dog gets the meat, after he repeatedly saliva without smelling it. Simply the sound of the bell to provoke the animal into a conditioned reflex. According to Pavlov, when associated to the unconditioned reflex conditioned reflex, it is reinforced. If the stimulus is enhanced or not exercised, the conditioned reflex weaken and eventually disappear.

2.5.- Learning

It's changing role models who owns the agency, because of the experience gained on several occasions, to changes in behavior earlier, or the knowledge stored in the nervous system through such experience.

Learning is acquiring a new behavior in an individual as a result of their interaction with the external environment.

Types of learning:

The following is a list of the most common types of learning cited in the literature of pedagogy:

* Learning receptive: in this type of learning the subject only need to understand the content to play it, but does not discover anything.

* Learning through discovery: the subject does not receive the contents of passively; discovers concepts and their relationships and reorders for your cognitive scheme.

* Learning repetitive: occurs when the student memorizes contents without understand or relate them to their background, can not find meaning to the contents.

* Learning significant: it is learning where the subject relates their previous knowledge and providing them with new consistency regarding their cognitive structures.

2.6 .- Reasoning:

It is the capacity that an animal has to solve a problem or to respond adequately, in a new situation not previously faced. The reasoning allows the agency apply previous knowledge, choosing an answer without proper behavioral risk making a mistake.